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Reproductive Problems Of Men And Woman (view source)
Revision as of 03:57, 28 April 2021
, 03:57, 28 April 2021→Lesson 78 - Reproductive Problems Of Men And Woman
= Lesson 78 - Reproductive Problems Of Men And Woman =
= Lesson 78 - Reproductive Problems Of Men And Woman =
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
When you study the physiology of the male and female reproductive system, you will see the delicate interaction of organs, nerves, tissues, cells and hormones. Disturbance of one part affects the whole system. Likewise, disturbance of any organ of the body affects the whole organism. Thus, when there is any disorder in one organ of the reproductive system you should not consider it as a single disease entity. It is simply one symptom indicating that your entire body is sick and in need of repairs.
When you study the physiology of the male and female reproductive system, you will see the delicate interaction of organs, nerves, tissues, cells and hormones. Disturbance of one part affects the whole system. Likewise, disturbance of any organ of the body affects the whole organism. Thus, when there is any disorder in one organ of the reproductive system you should not consider it as a single disease entity. It is simply one symptom indicating that your entire body is sick and in need of repairs.
The reproductive system is unique among the organ systems. The organs of this sys- tem vary greatly between the sexes. Male and female children do not differ remarkably in body form until they reach the age of puberty. At this time, under the influence of hormones, striking changes occur in several systems. The voice gradually changes in the male to a deeper masculine tone; the beard becomes a little stronger; pubic, axillary and body hair develop; and the body gradually assumes the characteristics of the adult male. The body form of the adult male develops increased musculature, with broader shoul- ders and narrow hips. The female at puberty develops a feminine contour due largely to deposition of subepidermal fat and she mammary glands become larger. The internal and external genitalia approach maturity, and the gonads begin to produce mature sex cells.
The reproductive system is unique among the organ systems. The organs of this sys- tem vary greatly between the sexes. Male and female children do not differ remarkably in body form until they reach the age of puberty. At this time, under the influence of hormones, striking changes occur in several systems. The voice gradually changes in the male to a deeper masculine tone; the beard becomes a little stronger; pubic, axillary and body hair develop; and the body gradually assumes the characteristics of the adult male. The body form of the adult male develops increased musculature, with broader shoul- ders and narrow hips. The female at puberty develops a feminine contour due largely to deposition of subepidermal fat and she mammary glands become larger. The internal and external genitalia approach maturity, and the gonads begin to produce mature sex cells.
=== Female Reproductive System ===
The internal reproductive organs of the female are the ovaries, fallopian tubes (or oviducts), the uterus and the vagina. The ova arise and develop in the ovaries. When they are mature, they rupture from the surface of the ovary and pass down the fallopi- an tubes to the uterus. If the ovum is fertilized during is passage down the oviduct, the developing blastocyst becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus. If it remains unfer- tilized, it soon breaks down and becomes lost in mucous secretion. The uterus leads into the vagina, which is a narrow passageway opening to the exterior.
The internal reproductive organs of the female are the ovaries, fallopian tubes (or oviducts), the uterus and the vagina. The ova arise and develop in the ovaries. When they are mature, they rupture from the surface of the ovary and pass down the fallopi- an tubes to the uterus. If the ovum is fertilized during is passage down the oviduct, the developing blastocyst becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus. If it remains unfer- tilized, it soon breaks down and becomes lost in mucous secretion. The uterus leads into the vagina, which is a narrow passageway opening to the exterior.
==== Ovaries ====
The paired ovaries lie on either side of the uterus and below the fallopian tubes. The internal structure of the ovary consists of a connective-tissue framework, which supports the developing germ cells, muscle cells, blood vessels and nerves.
The paired ovaries lie on either side of the uterus and below the fallopian tubes. The internal structure of the ovary consists of a connective-tissue framework, which supports the developing germ cells, muscle cells, blood vessels and nerves.
The ova develop within the ovarian follicle. The various stages of oogenesis are passed there, and the developing ovum in one of the more mature follicles is in reality a primary oocyte. Follicles develop under the influence of the follicle-stimulating hor- mone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) originating in the pituitary gland. From pu- berty to menopause, mature follicles approach the surface of the ovary and rupture ma- ture ova through the surface at fairly regular monthly intervals in the process known as ovulation. Ovulation occurs about the middle of the 28-day menstrual cycle, but the fol- licle cells persist, undergoing a transformation into the corpus luteum.
The ova develop within the ovarian follicle. The various stages of oogenesis are passed there, and the developing ovum in one of the more mature follicles is in reality a primary oocyte. Follicles develop under the influence of the follicle-stimulating hor- mone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) originating in the pituitary gland. From pu- berty to menopause, mature follicles approach the surface of the ovary and rupture ma- ture ova through the surface at fairly regular monthly intervals in the process known as ovulation. Ovulation occurs about the middle of the 28-day menstrual cycle, but the fol- licle cells persist, undergoing a transformation into the corpus luteum.
==== Corpus Luteum ====
After ovulation, the follicular cells enlarge and increase in numbers so that the num- ber of cell layers increases. The cavity of the old follicle becomes filled with blood, but the blood is gradually resorbed as new cell layers fill in the cavity. Connective tissue and blood vessels grow in from a connective-tissue layer surrounding the old follicle. A yellowish thick-walled body called the corpus luteum replaces the old follicle. The cell cytoplasm contains a lipid substance known as lutein. In the period between ovulation and menstruation the corpus luteum secretes the hormones progesterone and estrogen, which exert a sustaining influence on the lining of the uterus. If the ovum is not fertil- ized, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate toward the end of the menstrual cycle and menstruation follows. If the ovum is fertilized, the corpus luteum of pregnancy reaches the height of its development about the third month, after which it begins to degenerate.
After ovulation, the follicular cells enlarge and increase in numbers so that the num- ber of cell layers increases. The cavity of the old follicle becomes filled with blood, but the blood is gradually resorbed as new cell layers fill in the cavity. Connective tissue and blood vessels grow in from a connective-tissue layer surrounding the old follicle. A yellowish thick-walled body called the corpus luteum replaces the old follicle. The cell cytoplasm contains a lipid substance known as lutein. In the period between ovulation and menstruation the corpus luteum secretes the hormones progesterone and estrogen, which exert a sustaining influence on the lining of the uterus. If the ovum is not fertil- ized, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate toward the end of the menstrual cycle and menstruation follows. If the ovum is fertilized, the corpus luteum of pregnancy reaches the height of its development about the third month, after which it begins to degenerate.
==== Fallopian Tubes ====
The tubes that conduct the ova from the ovaries to the uterus are usually called oviducts in animals. In humans they are more commonly referred to as fallopian tubes, or uterine tubes. They lie in a horizontal position above the ovaries. The far ends near the ovaries flare out in a funnel-like fashion. The funnels bear fringed processes called fimbriae which aid in guiding the ovum into the tube.
The tubes that conduct the ova from the ovaries to the uterus are usually called oviducts in animals. In humans they are more commonly referred to as fallopian tubes, or uterine tubes. They lie in a horizontal position above the ovaries. The far ends near the ovaries flare out in a funnel-like fashion. The funnels bear fringed processes called fimbriae which aid in guiding the ovum into the tube.
==== Uterus ====
The uterus is a thick-walled organ located in the upper part of the pelvic region. Its function is to receive the blastocyst and to provide protection and nourishment to the developing embryo and fetus after implantation. The position of the uterus varies, but it is usually tipped forward over the urinary bladder. The lower part of the uterus is more cylindrical in shape and is called the cervix. Its external orifice opens into the vagina.
The uterus is a thick-walled organ located in the upper part of the pelvic region. Its function is to receive the blastocyst and to provide protection and nourishment to the developing embryo and fetus after implantation. The position of the uterus varies, but it is usually tipped forward over the urinary bladder. The lower part of the uterus is more cylindrical in shape and is called the cervix. Its external orifice opens into the vagina.
==== Vagina ====
A canal leading from the vestibule of the external genitalia to the cervix of the uterus is called the vagina. The vagina receives the penis of the male during sexual intercourse; a seminal emission releases sperm near the external orifice of the uterus. At childbirth the vagina becomes greatly distended to form the birth canal from the cervix to the ex- terior.
A canal leading from the vestibule of the external genitalia to the cervix of the uterus is called the vagina. The vagina receives the penis of the male during sexual intercourse; a seminal emission releases sperm near the external orifice of the uterus. At childbirth the vagina becomes greatly distended to form the birth canal from the cervix to the ex- terior.
The external orifice of the virginal vagina is partially closed off by a fold of mem- brane known as the hymen.
The external orifice of the virginal vagina is partially closed off by a fold of mem- brane known as the hymen.
=== Male Reproductive System ===
==== Testes ====
Spermatogenesis takes place in the testes. The testes descend from an abdominal po- sition before birth and come to lie in a sac called the scrotum. Occasionally the testes fail to descend into the scrotum, a condition known as cryptorchism. Undescended testes are almost invariably sterile, although they produce the male sex hormone.
Spermatogenesis takes place in the testes. The testes descend from an abdominal po- sition before birth and come to lie in a sac called the scrotum. Occasionally the testes fail to descend into the scrotum, a condition known as cryptorchism. Undescended testes are almost invariably sterile, although they produce the male sex hormone.
==== Epididymis ====
Immature sperm are not motile but are propelled up through the convoluted tubules into a network of fine tubules and on into the ducts of the epididymis. The epididymis is a body containing a tightly convoluted tubule and is located behind the testis.
Immature sperm are not motile but are propelled up through the convoluted tubules into a network of fine tubules and on into the ducts of the epididymis. The epididymis is a body containing a tightly convoluted tubule and is located behind the testis.
==== Vas Deferens ====
The duct of the epididymis is continuous with a larger duct, the ductus deferens or vas deferens, which leads the sperm away from the testis. The vas deferens extends up- ward from the testis through the spermatic cord. It passes through the inguinal canal, over the pubic arch, and behind the urinary bladder to terminate in the ejaculatory duct. The right and left ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra within the prostate gland. They are much smaller ducts than the vas deferens and only two centimeters long.
The duct of the epididymis is continuous with a larger duct, the ductus deferens or vas deferens, which leads the sperm away from the testis. The vas deferens extends up- ward from the testis through the spermatic cord. It passes through the inguinal canal, over the pubic arch, and behind the urinary bladder to terminate in the ejaculatory duct. The right and left ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra within the prostate gland. They are much smaller ducts than the vas deferens and only two centimeters long.
==== Seminal Vesicles ====
The seminal vesicles are lobulated sacs located behind the surface of the bladder. They secrete a fluid that forms a part of the semen. The fluid passes down a small duct and enters the ejaculatory duct. It is thought to contribute to the viability of the sperma- tozoa.
The seminal vesicles are lobulated sacs located behind the surface of the bladder. They secrete a fluid that forms a part of the semen. The fluid passes down a small duct and enters the ejaculatory duct. It is thought to contribute to the viability of the sperma- tozoa.
==== Prostate Gland ====
The prostate gland is a muscular and glandular organ that is located below the blad- der and in front of the rectum. The base of the urethra passes ‘through it. The prostatic secretion is alkaline, somewhat milky, and contributes to the odor of semen. The base of the urethra runs almost vertically through the anterior portion of the gland when the body is in a standing position.
The prostate gland is a muscular and glandular organ that is located below the blad- der and in front of the rectum. The base of the urethra passes ‘through it. The prostatic secretion is alkaline, somewhat milky, and contributes to the odor of semen. The base of the urethra runs almost vertically through the anterior portion of the gland when the body is in a standing position.
==== Penis ====
The penis is the copulatory organ of the male. The body of the penis is composed of three longitudinal columns of erectile tissue. Erectile tissue is composed of blood spaces, which ordinarily are not distended with blood, the penis then being soft and flaccid. Sex- ual excitement causes blood to pour into these spaces faster than it is drained away by the veins. As a result the walls of the tissue become distended with blood, and the penis
The penis is the copulatory organ of the male. The body of the penis is composed of three longitudinal columns of erectile tissue. Erectile tissue is composed of blood spaces, which ordinarily are not distended with blood, the penis then being soft and flaccid. Sex- ual excitement causes blood to pour into these spaces faster than it is drained away by the veins. As a result the walls of the tissue become distended with blood, and the penis
== Menstruation ==
== Menstruation ==
All the structural and physiologic changes in the uterus that occur during a female sexual cycle depend on the secretion of estrogens, chiefly estradiol and estrone.
All the structural and physiologic changes in the uterus that occur during a female sexual cycle depend on the secretion of estrogens, chiefly estradiol and estrone.
Circulating estrogens apparently act directly on the hypo-thalamus to inhibit secre- tion of FSH releasing factor by the pituitary, thus to decrease FSH secretion. In addition, the increase in circulating estrogens observed immediately prior to ovulation is respon- sible for producing the sudden rise in LH secretion that stimulates ovulation. Secretion of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary is inhibited by the elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone in the circulation during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Thus the body maintains equilibrium.
Circulating estrogens apparently act directly on the hypo-thalamus to inhibit secre- tion of FSH releasing factor by the pituitary, thus to decrease FSH secretion. In addition, the increase in circulating estrogens observed immediately prior to ovulation is respon- sible for producing the sudden rise in LH secretion that stimulates ovulation. Secretion of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary is inhibited by the elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone in the circulation during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Thus the body maintains equilibrium.
=== Endometrial Changes During The Menstrual Cycle ===
Throughout each sexual cycle, the endometrium of the uterus exhibits a sequence of changes. These changes may be divided into three phases that relate to the functional state of the ovary.
Throughout each sexual cycle, the endometrium of the uterus exhibits a sequence of changes. These changes may be divided into three phases that relate to the functional state of the ovary.
The deeper endometrial layer remains intact during menstruation, and even before vaginal discharge is complete, epithelial cells from the ends of the glands begin to move out. These rapidly generate a new surface ephithelium. The circulation is restored, and the follicular phase of the next cycle commences.
The deeper endometrial layer remains intact during menstruation, and even before vaginal discharge is complete, epithelial cells from the ends of the glands begin to move out. These rapidly generate a new surface ephithelium. The circulation is restored, and the follicular phase of the next cycle commences.
=== Menstrual Abnormalities ===
Extremely heavy flow, pain and cramps during the menstrual cycle is abnormal. These symptoms indicate toxicity and the need for a fast and general renovation of your lifestyle. A healthy individual should experience no pain during this time and a flow of short duration. Some Hygienists experience no flow at all and this is also considered nor- mal. A sick individual could also experience absence of menstrual flow and this could be due to several reasons. Hormonal imbalances, extreme weakness and underweight (due to a state of toxicosis), trauma, etc., could result in cessation of menstruation. A fast and a change in lifestyle is in order in this case. After health has been restored, menstruation may or may not recommence. If it does, flow will be light and there should be no pain.
Extremely heavy flow, pain and cramps during the menstrual cycle is abnormal. These symptoms indicate toxicity and the need for a fast and general renovation of your lifestyle. A healthy individual should experience no pain during this time and a flow of short duration. Some Hygienists experience no flow at all and this is also considered nor- mal. A sick individual could also experience absence of menstrual flow and this could be due to several reasons. Hormonal imbalances, extreme weakness and underweight (due to a state of toxicosis), trauma, etc., could result in cessation of menstruation. A fast and a change in lifestyle is in order in this case. After health has been restored, menstruation may or may not recommence. If it does, flow will be light and there should be no pain.
=== Premenstrual Tension ===
This condition occurs seven to ten days before menstruation and disappears a few hours after the onset of menstrual flow. It is characterized by nervousness, irritability, emotional instability, depression and may include headaches and edema. It seems to be related to fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone and to the fluid-retaining action of estrogen.
This condition occurs seven to ten days before menstruation and disappears a few hours after the onset of menstrual flow. It is characterized by nervousness, irritability, emotional instability, depression and may include headaches and edema. It seems to be related to fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone and to the fluid-retaining action of estrogen.
== Vulvitis ==
== Vulvitis ==
Vulvitis is inflammation of the vulva. It may be the result of trauma; mechanical and chemical irritations; neglect of Hygiene; local reactions to clothing, detergents or drugs. Systemic antibiotic therapy, excess moisture and irritation from tight pantyhose, the use of oral contraceptives, may also result in vulvitis. It may also occur in diabetics indicat- ing systemic toxemia.
Vulvitis is inflammation of the vulva. It may be the result of trauma; mechanical and chemical irritations; neglect of Hygiene; local reactions to clothing, detergents or drugs. Systemic antibiotic therapy, excess moisture and irritation from tight pantyhose, the use of oral contraceptives, may also result in vulvitis. It may also occur in diabetics indicat- ing systemic toxemia.
=== Symptoms ===
Acute vulvitis is marked by edema and redness of the vulva, burning and itching. Pain may be so severe that the individual can neither sit nor walk. Ulceration, pustules or vesicle formation may be present in the most toxic individuals.
Acute vulvitis is marked by edema and redness of the vulva, burning and itching. Pain may be so severe that the individual can neither sit nor walk. Ulceration, pustules or vesicle formation may be present in the most toxic individuals.
Chronic vulvitis occurs when the acute form is suppressed over a long period of time and the causes for this disorder are not removed or corrected. In the chronic form, the inflammatory reaction is less severe. Due to enervation, the body is less able to respond normally. Edema may be severe with extreme itching. Ulcerative lesions may result in destruction of the vulva. In either case, the area involved may be localized or may in- clude the entire vulva and perineum and extend to the mons, thighs and anus.
Chronic vulvitis occurs when the acute form is suppressed over a long period of time and the causes for this disorder are not removed or corrected. In the chronic form, the inflammatory reaction is less severe. Due to enervation, the body is less able to respond normally. Edema may be severe with extreme itching. Ulcerative lesions may result in destruction of the vulva. In either case, the area involved may be localized or may in- clude the entire vulva and perineum and extend to the mons, thighs and anus.
=== What to Do When Symptoms Occur ===
Usual treatment consists of assorted drugs and creams. We know that such treatments never result in health and only worsen the situation. If fasting is instituted during the acute phase and a Hygienic lifestyle is adhered to, health will be restored. Even the chronic form can be helped through a Hygienic regime, if tissue destruction has not pro- gressed too far.
Usual treatment consists of assorted drugs and creams. We know that such treatments never result in health and only worsen the situation. If fasting is instituted during the acute phase and a Hygienic lifestyle is adhered to, health will be restored. Even the chronic form can be helped through a Hygienic regime, if tissue destruction has not pro- gressed too far.
== Salpingitis ==
== Salpingitis ==
Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian tubes. This condition occurs most often with women who use intra-uterine devices (IUDs). According to the Merck Manual, “The principal pathogen is Neisseria gonorrhoeae; but others, including gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci, as well as Mycoplasma and viruses, are being implicated with increasing frequency. ... When salpingitis follows pregnancy or abortion, anaerobic streptococci or staphylococci are usually involved.” This is the medical viewpoint. As students of Life Science, you know that bacteria or viruses do not cause disease even though they may be found associated with these disorders. An extreme case of toxicosis is always the underlying cause.
Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian tubes. This condition occurs most often with women who use intra-uterine devices (IUDs). According to the Merck Manual, “The principal pathogen is Neisseria gonorrhoeae; but others, including gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci, as well as Mycoplasma and viruses, are being implicated with increasing frequency. ... When salpingitis follows pregnancy or abortion, anaerobic streptococci or staphylococci are usually involved.” This is the medical viewpoint. As students of Life Science, you know that bacteria or viruses do not cause disease even though they may be found associated with these disorders. An extreme case of toxicosis is always the underlying cause.
=== Symptoms ===
Acute salpingitis: Severe lower abdominal pain increases progressively with tender- ness and discomfort that increases with cervical motion. High fever, leukocytosis, and copius purulent discharge from the cervix are common. The above symptoms are normal bodily responses to abnormal conditions. The body discharges toxic materials via these routes.
Acute salpingitis: Severe lower abdominal pain increases progressively with tender- ness and discomfort that increases with cervical motion. High fever, leukocytosis, and copius purulent discharge from the cervix are common. The above symptoms are normal bodily responses to abnormal conditions. The body discharges toxic materials via these routes.
== Carcinomas ==
== Carcinomas ==
Carcinomas of the female reproductive tract may appear almost anywhere along that tract. It may be seen on the endometrium, cervix, ovaries, vulva, vagin or fallopian tubes. If cancer is known or suspected to exist, the usual treatment is partial or radical hys- terectomy. The uterus is removed plus the ovaries in a radical hysterectomy. This proce- dure does not restore health. In all such cases, disease has progressed through all seven stages. If, however, disease is still in the sixth stage, recovery is still possible under Hy- gienic care. If it has advanced to cancer, Hygienic care may offer comfort and may slow
Carcinomas of the female reproductive tract may appear almost anywhere along that tract. It may be seen on the endometrium, cervix, ovaries, vulva, vagin or fallopian tubes. If cancer is known or suspected to exist, the usual treatment is partial or radical hys- terectomy. The uterus is removed plus the ovaries in a radical hysterectomy. This proce- dure does not restore health. In all such cases, disease has progressed through all seven stages. If, however, disease is still in the sixth stage, recovery is still possible under Hy- gienic care. If it has advanced to cancer, Hygienic care may offer comfort and may slow down the cancer.
down the cancer.
should be the first resort not the last, as is often the case.
Many misdiagnosis have been made regarding carcinomas of the uterus and Hygiene should be the first resort not the last, as is often the case.
== Oral Contraceptives ==
== Oral Contraceptives ==
There are two major categories of oral contraceptives. They are combination and progestogen only. The combination types contain both a synthetic estrogen and a syn- thetic progestogen and are given continuously for three weeks. No medication is given for the fourth week to allow for “withdrawal bleeding.” Progestogen alone is given in small doses every day but this form of oral contraceptive is not used frequently due to its more severe consequences.
There are two major categories of oral contraceptives. They are combination and progestogen only. The combination types contain both a synthetic estrogen and a syn- thetic progestogen and are given continuously for three weeks. No medication is given for the fourth week to allow for “withdrawal bleeding.” Progestogen alone is given in small doses every day but this form of oral contraceptive is not used frequently due to its more severe consequences.
=== General Effects ===
Many effects such as nausea, breast tenderness, fluid retention and depression are related to the dose of synthetic estrogen. Progestogens result in weight gain, acne and nervousness. In addition to effects on the female genital tract, the metabolic activities of synthetic hormonal components of oral contraceptives affect nearly every other organ system of the body.
Many effects such as nausea, breast tenderness, fluid retention and depression are related to the dose of synthetic estrogen. Progestogens result in weight gain, acne and nervousness. In addition to effects on the female genital tract, the metabolic activities of synthetic hormonal components of oral contraceptives affect nearly every other organ system of the body.
== Hysterectomy ==
== Hysterectomy ==
Dr. Mendelsohn notes the frequency of unnecessary surgery. He says, “Women also seem to be the victims of a lot of unnecessary surgery. Another operation steadily climb- ing toward the million-a-year mark is the hysterectomy. The National Center for Health Statistics estimated that 690,000 women had their uteruses removed in 1973, which re-
Dr. Mendelsohn notes the frequency of unnecessary surgery. He says, “Women also seem to be the victims of a lot of unnecessary surgery. Another operation steadily climb- ing toward the million-a-year mark is the hysterectomy. The National Center for Health Statistics estimated that 690,000 women had their uteruses removed in 1973, which results in a rate of 647.7 per 100,000 females. Besides the fact that this is a higher rate than for any other operation, if the rate continued, it would mean that half of all women would lose their uterus by age 65! That’s if the rate holds steady. Actually, its growing. In 1975, 808,000 hysterectomies were performed.
“Very few of them were necessary. In six New York hospitals, forty-three percent of the hysterectomies reviewed were found to be unjustified. Women with abnormal bleed- ing from the uterus and abnormally heavy menstrual blood flow were given hysterec- tomies even though other treatments—or no treatment at all—would have most likely worked just as well.”
“Very few of them were necessary. In six New York hospitals, forty-three percent of the hysterectomies reviewed were found to be unjustified. Women with abnormal bleed- ing from the uterus and abnormally heavy menstrual blood flow were given hysterec- tomies even though other treatments—or no treatment at all—would have most likely worked just as well.”
=== Abnormalities Of Pregnancy ===
=== Abnormalities Of Pregnancy ===
==== Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage) ====
About 20 to 30% of women bleed or have cramping sometime during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy; 10 to 15°/o actually spontaneously abort. Since in 60% of sponta- neous abortions the fetus is either absent or grossly malformed, and in 25 to 60% it can be found to have chromosomal abnormalities incompatible with life, spontaneous abor- tion may be a natural rejection of a maldeveloping fetus. In other words, it is a response of the body to things that are abnormal.
About 20 to 30% of women bleed or have cramping sometime during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy; 10 to 15°/o actually spontaneously abort. Since in 60% of sponta- neous abortions the fetus is either absent or grossly malformed, and in 25 to 60% it can be found to have chromosomal abnormalities incompatible with life, spontaneous abor- tion may be a natural rejection of a maldeveloping fetus. In other words, it is a response of the body to things that are abnormal.
Diabetes mellitus cannot be considered the cause of miscarriages as diabetes is a symptom in itself. The same is true of all the so-called “causes” listed by this manual. The underlying causes of all these disorders is toxicosis and that is also the cause of spontaneous abortion. Likewise, viruses are not the cause of any so-called “disease.” They are lifeless particles of waste materials and cannot “cause” anything.
Diabetes mellitus cannot be considered the cause of miscarriages as diabetes is a symptom in itself. The same is true of all the so-called “causes” listed by this manual. The underlying causes of all these disorders is toxicosis and that is also the cause of spontaneous abortion. Likewise, viruses are not the cause of any so-called “disease.” They are lifeless particles of waste materials and cannot “cause” anything.
==== Anemia ====
Anemia during pregnancy is defined as a hemoglobin concentration of less than 10 grams per 100 ml of blood. (Normal averages 14-16 gm/100 ml.) Most anemia during pregnancy is said to be due to dietary iron deficiency, to normal loss of iron in blood with menses which approximates the amount normally ingested each month, so iron stores are never built up, or to previous pregnancy.
Anemia during pregnancy is defined as a hemoglobin concentration of less than 10 grams per 100 ml of blood. (Normal averages 14-16 gm/100 ml.) Most anemia during pregnancy is said to be due to dietary iron deficiency, to normal loss of iron in blood with menses which approximates the amount normally ingested each month, so iron stores are never built up, or to previous pregnancy.
Iron-deficiency anemia is often treated with supplements of inorganic iron. Howev- er, it is quite obvious that the body cannot handle iron in this form. This is evidenced by the toxic symptoms upon ingesting this drug.
Iron-deficiency anemia is often treated with supplements of inorganic iron. Howev- er, it is quite obvious that the body cannot handle iron in this form. This is evidenced by the toxic symptoms upon ingesting this drug.
==== Preeclampsia and Eclampsia ====
Preeclampsia is accompanied by the development of hypertension, albuminuria (ex- cess protein in the urine), or edema between the twentieth week of pregnancy and the
Preeclampsia is accompanied by the development of hypertension, albuminuria (ex- cess protein in the urine), or edema between the twentieth week of pregnancy and the
78.13.1 Alcohol
78.13.1 Alcohol
78.13.2 Caffeine 78.13.3 Smoking 78.13.4 Diet 78.13.5 Exercise
78.13.2 Caffeine
78.13.3 Smoking
78.13.4 Diet
78.13.1 Alcohol
78.13.5 Exercise
=== Alcohol ===
The teratogenetic effects of alcohol consumption are well known. It has now been found that drinking during pregnancy can severely damage fetal muscles. Scientists found that the muscle cells from the infants were abnormally small, and that the proteins in the muscles were frayed and entangled rather than uniform and parallel.
The teratogenetic effects of alcohol consumption are well known. It has now been found that drinking during pregnancy can severely damage fetal muscles. Scientists found that the muscle cells from the infants were abnormally small, and that the proteins in the muscles were frayed and entangled rather than uniform and parallel.
Fetal alcohol syndrome, a condition characterized by specific facial abnormalities, growth deficiencies, central nervous system disorders and mental retardation appears to be triggered predominantly by chronic alcoholism in pregnant women, although heavy smoking, stress and poor nutrition also contribute to the syndrome’s severity.
Fetal alcohol syndrome, a condition characterized by specific facial abnormalities, growth deficiencies, central nervous system disorders and mental retardation appears to be triggered predominantly by chronic alcoholism in pregnant women, although heavy smoking, stress and poor nutrition also contribute to the syndrome’s severity.
=== Caffeine ===
It has been reported that, in rats, a caffeine dose as low as an equivalent four cups per day can enhance the teratogenetic effects of other agents. Dr. Jacobson suggests that if one estimates the safe human dose as 1/100 of the toxic animal dose (a rule of thumb often used), a fraction of a cup of coffee would be considered unsafe. Two human stud- ies have shown evidence of birth defects related to caffeine intake. In one case there was a correlation of toxicity with consumption of more than eight cups of coffee per day by the mother. In another study, heavy caffeine consumption was associated with breech presentations, history of loss in previous pregnancies and decreased activity and muscle tone.
It has been reported that, in rats, a caffeine dose as low as an equivalent four cups per day can enhance the teratogenetic effects of other agents. Dr. Jacobson suggests that if one estimates the safe human dose as 1/100 of the toxic animal dose (a rule of thumb often used), a fraction of a cup of coffee would be considered unsafe. Two human stud- ies have shown evidence of birth defects related to caffeine intake. In one case there was a correlation of toxicity with consumption of more than eight cups of coffee per day by the mother. In another study, heavy caffeine consumption was associated with breech presentations, history of loss in previous pregnancies and decreased activity and muscle tone.
Dr. H. Nishimura and his colleagues at Tokyo University found that injecting 100-200 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight into pregnant mice induced birth defects in six to twenty percent of the offspring. In three additional studies conduct- ed in Germany, France and England, caffeine was fed to pregnant mice in amounts cor- responding to 25 cups of coffee per day for a woman (50 to 75 milligrams per kilogram). Birth defects occurred in one to three percent of the baby mice in two of the studies but were not observed in the third. Higher oral dose of caffeine, 100 to 150 milligrams per kilogram caused malformations in eight to twenty percent of the fetuses, respectively.
Dr. H. Nishimura and his colleagues at Tokyo University found that injecting 100-200 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight into pregnant mice induced birth defects in six to twenty percent of the offspring. In three additional studies conduct- ed in Germany, France and England, caffeine was fed to pregnant mice in amounts cor- responding to 25 cups of coffee per day for a woman (50 to 75 milligrams per kilogram). Birth defects occurred in one to three percent of the baby mice in two of the studies but were not observed in the third. Higher oral dose of caffeine, 100 to 150 milligrams per kilogram caused malformations in eight to twenty percent of the fetuses, respectively.
=== Smoking ===
In a study of pregnant women, researchers found carboxyhemoglobin levels in the fetus to be 1.8 times as great as those in the simultaneously measured Wood of the moth- er. Fetal blood was exposed to carbon monoxide in vitro.
In a study of pregnant women, researchers found carboxyhemoglobin levels in the fetus to be 1.8 times as great as those in the simultaneously measured Wood of the moth- er. Fetal blood was exposed to carbon monoxide in vitro.
Harlap and Davies studied infant admissions to Hadassah Hospital in West Jerusalem and found a relationship between admissions for bronchitis and pneumonia in the first year of life and maternal smoking habits during pregnancy. Data on maternal smoking habits after the birth of the child were not obtained, but it can be assumed that most of the mothers who smoked during pregnancy continued to smoke during the first year of the infant’s life. A relationship between infant admission and maternal smoking habits was demonstrable only between the sixth and ninth months of infant life and was more pronounced during the winter months when the effect of cigarette smoke on the indoor environment would be greatest. Mothers who smoke during pregnancy are known to have infants with a lower average birth weight than the infants of nonsmoking mothers. The relationship between maternal smoking and their infants’ admission to the hospital found in this study was greater for low birth weight infants, but was, also found for nor- mal birth weight infants. Harlap and Davies demonstrated a dose-response relationship for maternal smoking and infant admission for bronchitis and pneumonia; however, they also found a relationship between maternal smoking and infant admission for poisoning and injuries.
Harlap and Davies studied infant admissions to Hadassah Hospital in West Jerusalem and found a relationship between admissions for bronchitis and pneumonia in the first year of life and maternal smoking habits during pregnancy. Data on maternal smoking habits after the birth of the child were not obtained, but it can be assumed that most of the mothers who smoked during pregnancy continued to smoke during the first year of the infant’s life. A relationship between infant admission and maternal smoking habits was demonstrable only between the sixth and ninth months of infant life and was more pronounced during the winter months when the effect of cigarette smoke on the indoor environment would be greatest. Mothers who smoke during pregnancy are known to have infants with a lower average birth weight than the infants of nonsmoking mothers. The relationship between maternal smoking and their infants’ admission to the hospital found in this study was greater for low birth weight infants, but was, also found for nor- mal birth weight infants. Harlap and Davies demonstrated a dose-response relationship for maternal smoking and infant admission for bronchitis and pneumonia; however, they also found a relationship between maternal smoking and infant admission for poisoning and injuries.
=== Diet ===
Proper diet before and during pregnancy is extremely important for the welfare of the mother and fetus. The common practice of eating large amounts of highly-refined foods, cooked foods, candies, pastries, canned foods, etc., is one major cause of illness during pregnancy and physical degeneration of our youth.
Proper diet before and during pregnancy is extremely important for the welfare of the mother and fetus. The common practice of eating large amounts of highly-refined foods, cooked foods, candies, pastries, canned foods, etc., is one major cause of illness during pregnancy and physical degeneration of our youth.
The diet that is most conducive to health is such a simple one that everyone can adapt it. Simply eat those foods that nature has provided us with—raw fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds. Optimum nutrition will be assured on such a diet.
The diet that is most conducive to health is such a simple one that everyone can adapt it. Simply eat those foods that nature has provided us with—raw fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds. Optimum nutrition will be assured on such a diet.
=== Exercise ===
Exercise is essential for total health and well-being. When you engage in a regular exercise routine, your circulation, digestion and assimilation will improve, and all or- gans will work more efficiently.
Exercise is essential for total health and well-being. When you engage in a regular exercise routine, your circulation, digestion and assimilation will improve, and all or- gans will work more efficiently.
# Pubertyisaphysiologicalchangecontrolledbyanindependentneurologicclockgenet- ically encoded.
# Pubertyisaphysiologicalchangecontrolledbyanindependentneurologicclockgenet- ically encoded.
# Pubertyonsetistriggeredbyabiologicalsignalwhenaspecificweightorbodycompo- sition is reached. In presenting these hypotheses the health officials made an observation that has a very vital bearing on the study: it was noted that ballerinas who had an injury that pre- vented further dancing very soon thereafter realized menarche and/or “normal menstru- ation.” Let’s examine these hypotheses one by one in the light of established biological prin- ciples and see what truths, if any, have emerged from this study. Saying “late maturers” choose to be ballet dancers obviously wins the dunce’s award! You might as well say that people not inclined to be ballet dancers choose to mature early. Such an asinine observation implies that females have preset menarche times which would start from nine to nineteen years and only mothers whose daughters’ menarche are set for the upper teens enroll their daughters in ballet. But this first suggestion “late maturers choose to be ballet dancers” is flatly contra- dicted by the observation that ballerinas who sustain debilitating injuries speedily begin menarche. Don’t these researchers see their own inconsistencies? Why do “late matur- ers” become early maturers when they are injured? Because ballerinas eat frugally does not justify saying they are undernourished, as the article implies. Ballerinas exercise long and hard. As any fan of ballet or other danc- ing will tell you, ballerinas are wonderful specimens of superb femininity, fitness, beau- ty and health. If our researchers wanted to see the effects of undernourishment among young women, they had only to observe certain-parts of India where undernourishment is per- petual. There, young girls consistently menstruate at ages eight to ten! America’s aver- age age of puberty onset is now ten to twelve! Does this observation point to undernour- ishment or something else as a cause of “late onset of puberty”? Obviously this hypoth- esis is unwarranted conjecture. “Hard physical exercise delays puberty.” is another witless statement though it is closer on target than the first two statements. Yes, exercise does “cause” delay of menar-
# Pubertyonsetistriggeredbyabiologicalsignalwhenaspecificweightorbodycompo- sition is reached.
In presenting these hypotheses the health officials made an observation that has a very vital bearing on the study: it was noted that ballerinas who had an injury that pre- vented further dancing very soon thereafter realized menarche and/or “normal menstru- ation.” Let’s examine these hypotheses one by one in the light of established biological prin- ciples and see what truths, if any, have emerged from this study.
Saying “late maturers” choose to be ballet dancers obviously wins the dunce’s award! You might as well say that people not inclined to be ballet dancers choose to mature early. Such an asinine observation implies that females have preset menarche times which would start from nine to nineteen years and only mothers whose daughters’ menarche are set for the upper teens enroll their daughters in ballet.
But this first suggestion “late maturers choose to be ballet dancers” is flatly contra- dicted by the observation that ballerinas who sustain debilitating injuries speedily begin menarche. Don’t these researchers see their own inconsistencies? Why do “late matur- ers” become early maturers when they are injured?
Because ballerinas eat frugally does not justify saying they are undernourished, as the article implies. Ballerinas exercise long and hard. As any fan of ballet or other danc- ing will tell you, ballerinas are wonderful specimens of superb femininity, fitness, beauty and health. If our researchers wanted to see the effects of undernourishment among young women, they had only to observe certain-parts of India where undernourishment is per- petual. There, young girls consistently menstruate at ages eight to ten! America’s average age of puberty onset is now ten to twelve! Does this observation point to undernour- ishment or something else as a cause of “late onset of puberty”? Obviously this hypoth- esis is unwarranted conjecture.
“Hard physical exercise delays puberty.” is another witless statement though it is closer on target than the first two statements. Yes, exercise does “cause” delay of menarche and it does “cause” abnormal and irregular menstruation. I have put “cause” in quo- tation marks because these researchers are using the word “cause” in a misleading sense. The statement “the low fat/high lean ratio of body tissues may delay menarche and cause menstrual disturbances” is as illogical as the attribution of undernourishment. Skinny and malnourished young Indian girls begin menarche and menstruation at eight to ten years with the same dispatch our young girls enter into it at ten to twelve years of age. So it is plain our researchers are wrong here too.
The next two hypotheses about what triggers puberty are without a great deal of relevance although both contain some truth.
Puberty does, indeed, occur in humans and all other animals in clocklike fashion at
Puberty does, indeed, occur in humans and all other animals in clocklike fashion at